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Oxytocin’s role in human behaviour first emerged in 2005. In a groundbreaking experiment, Markus Heinrichs an his colleagues at the University of Freiburg, Germany, asked volunteers to do an activity in which they could invest money with an anonymous person who was not guaranteed to be honest. The team found that participants who had sniffed oxytocin via a nasal spray beforehand invested more money than those who received a placebo instead. The study was the start of research into the effects of oxytocin on human reactions. ‘For eight years,it was quite a lonesome field,’ Heinrichs recalls. ‘Now, everyone is interested.’ These follow-up studies have shown that after a sniff of the hormone, people become more charitable, better at reading emotions on others’ faces and at communicating constructively in arguments. Together, the results fuelled the view that oxytocin universally enhanced the positive aspects of our social nature.
语言点讲解
emerge ：英 [imd] 美 [imrd] VERB （事实或结果）显露，显现，暴露 If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it. 短语...the growing corruption that has emerged in the past few years...过去几年暴露出来的越来越多的现象
groundbreaking：英 [ɡrandbrek] 美 [ɡrandbrek] adj. [only before noun] 开创性的；创新的；革新的 making new discoveries; using new methods 短语a groundbreaking piece of research 富有开拓性的研究
anonymous：英 [nnms] 美 [nɑnms] adj. (of a person 人) 不知姓名的；名字不公开的 with a name that is not known or that is not made public 短语an anonymous donor 不知姓名的捐赠者 例句The money was donated by a local businessman who wishes to remain anonymous . 这笔款子是当地一位不愿透露姓名的企业家捐赠的。
guarantee：英 [ɡrnti] 美 [ɡrnti] verb 保证；担保；保障 to promise to do sth; to promise sth will happen [VN] Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed. 现在，包括在内的基本已有了保障。[V (that)] We cannot guarantee (that) our flights will never be delayed. 我们不能保证我们的所有航班均不误点。
participant：英 [pɑtspnt] 美 [pɑrtspnt] noun ~ (in sth) 参与者；参加者 a person who is taking part in an activity or event 例句He has been an active participant in the discussion. 他一直积极参与这次讨论。
via：英 [va] 美 [va] PREP 通过;凭借;靠 If you do something via a particular means or person, you do it by making use of that means or person. 例句The technology to allow relief workers to contact the outside world via satellite already exists...能够让救援人员通过卫星与外界联系的技术已经存在。
nasal spray：英 [nezl spre] 美 [nezl spre] 鼻喷剂;鼻腔用喷雾剂 例句A nasal spray or drops would ease your symptoms, but don't overuse them or further congestion could result 鼻腔喷剂或滴剂能减轻症状，但请勿使用过频，否则鼻塞可能会加重。
beforehand：英 [bfhnd] 美 [bfrhnd] adv. 预先；事先 earlier; before sth else happens or is done 短语two weeks/three days/a few hours beforehand 提前两星期 / 三天 / 几小时 例句I wish we'd known about it beforehand. 要是我们预先知道这事就好了。
placebo：英 [plsib] 美 [plsibo] noun （给无实际治疗需要者的）安慰剂；（试验药物用的）无效对照剂 a substance that has no physical effects, given to patients who do not need medicine but think that they do, or used when testing new drugs 短语the placebo effect (= the effect of taking a placebo and feeling better) 安慰剂效应
lonesome：英 [lnsm] 美 [lonsm] adj 孤独的，寂寞的 marked by dejection from being alone 例句I felt lonesome in the strange land. 在那陌生的地方我觉得寂寞。
field：英 [fild] 美 [fild] [C] 专业；学科；界；领域 a particular subject or activity that sb works in or is interested in 同义词：area 短语famous in the field of music 音乐界著名的 例句All of them are experts in their chosen field. 他们在各自选定的专业中都是专家。This discovery has opened up a whole new field of research. 这个发现开辟了一个崭新的研究领域。
follow-up：英 [fl p] 美 [fɑlo p] noun [C, U] 后续行动；后续事物 an action or a thing that continues sth that has already started or comes after sth similar that was done earlier 例句The book is a follow-up to her excellent television series. 这本书是继她的优秀电视系列片之后的又一力作。【派生词】follow-up adj. [only before noun] a follow-up study 进一步的研究
charitable：英 [trtbl] 美 [trtbl] 仁爱的；宽厚的；宽容的 kind in your attitude to other people, especially when you are judging them 例句Let's be charitable and assume she just made a mistake. 咱们宽容些吧，就当她只是犯了个错误。

read：英 [rid , red] 美 [rid , red] VERB 看得出，读懂，看透（想法或心思） If you read someone's mind or thoughts, you know exactly what they are thinking without them telling you. 例句As if he could read her thoughts, Benny said, 'You're free to go any time you like.'班尼仿佛看出了她的心思，说道：“你随时都可以自由离开。”
constructive：ADJ (讨论、意见或方法)建设性的，积极的，有助益的 A constructive discussion, comment, or approach is useful and helpful rather than negative and unhelpful. 例句She welcomes constructive criticism...她欢迎建设性的批评。We are prepared to sit down and talk constructively with our European partners... 我们准备坐下来与我们的欧洲伙伴进行建设性的会谈。Use the time constructively. 积极地利用时间。
fuel：英 [fjul] 美 [fjul] [VN] 增加；加强；刺激 to increase sth; to make sth stronger 同义词：stoke 短语 to fuel speculation/rumours/fears 引起猜测 / 谣传 / 恐惧 例句Higher salaries helped to fuel inflation. 工资提高刺激通货膨胀。 The result will inevitably fuel speculation about the Prime Minister's future 这一结果将不可避免地加剧人们对首相未来的揣测。
universally：英 [junvsli] 美 [junvrsli] ADV 普遍地;全体地;人人 If something is universally believed or accepted, it is believed or accepted by everyone with no disagreement. 短语...a universally accepted point of view...普遍接受的观点
enhance：英 [nhɑns] 美 [nhns] verb [VN] 提高；增强；增进 to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of sb/sth 例句This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company. 这是提高公司声誉的机会。短语the skilled use of make-up to enhance your best features 技巧地利用化妆以突出容貌的优点
本段是全文第二段，介绍了2005年的实验，说明催产素对人们的行为，是有影响的。长达八年的时间内，人们对此不感兴趣。后来的研究证明：催产素可以提升我们社交属性中积极的方面。比如：变得更宽容、能够更好地读懂他人情绪、在争论中进行建设性的对话。