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one.
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration – one of the great folk wanderings of history – swept from Europe to America.
解析：1. 句子主干为“主谓”结构，即：a tide of emigration/ swept from Europe to America. 译为：一股潮由欧洲席卷至美洲。
2. “Within the span of a hundred years”和“in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries”均为时间状语；“one of the great folk wanderings of history”为主语的同位语。
翻译：17世纪到18世纪初这一百年间，一股潮史上大规模的人口流动之一由欧洲席卷到美洲。
two.
(46)This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
解析：本句主语为this movement；and引导并列句，有两个谓语built、shaped；driven by powerful and diverse motivations作后置定语，修饰this movement。
翻译：受到各种强有力动机的驱使，这场运动在荒野中建立了一个新的国家；本质使然，它也塑造了一片未知大陆的性格和命运。
three.
(47)The United States is the product of two principal forces – the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.
解析：the immigration of和the impact of 属于并列结构的同位语，解释two principal；
本句中European peoples的意思为“欧洲种族”；
翻译：美国是两股主要力量结合的产物，它们分别为带有不同思想、习俗和民族特征的欧洲种族迁入，以及改变这些特征的新的国家的影响力。
four.
Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe.
解析：本句主干为主系表结构，即：colonial America/ was /a projection of Europe。
翻译：不可避免地，北美殖民地成为欧洲的衍生物。
five.
Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.
解析：本句为全倒装结构，即：地点状语 谓语动词 主语；即：Across the Atlantic/ came /successive groups of … and many others. “who”引导定语从句。
翻译：一批又一批英格兰人、法国人、德国人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人、荷兰人 、瑞典人跨越大西洋来到美洲大陆，还有许多试图将他们的习惯和传统也带到这个新世界的人们。
six.
(48)But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
解析：本句首先要明确主语和谓语，谓语是cause ，主语是三个以the开头的并列结构。of maintaining 是对the sheer difficulty 的修饰解释。old world 不能翻译成旧大陆，而是指欧洲大陆。
翻译：但是对于美洲特殊地理条件的作用力、不同族群之间的相互影响力，以及在一片荒蛮、全新大陆上保持欧洲生活方式的巨大困难，引发了影响深远的改变。
seven.
These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.
解析：首句主干为主系表结构，即：These changes /were/ gradual and scarcely visible. “at first”再次表“起初”之意。
翻译：这些变化是渐进的，起初几乎是不可见的。
eight.
But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
解析：本句主干为主系表结构，即：the result/ was / a new social pattern，译为：（这些变化）终的结果是形成了一个新的社会模式。which引导定语从句，即：which has character that was distinctly American，其中that was distinctly American 为which引导的定语从句中嵌套的定语从句，修饰character; 整个定语从句译为：（这个社会）带有明显的美国特色。
翻译：但终却形成了一个新的社会模式，虽然这个社会模式在许多方面与欧洲社会很像，它还是带有显著的美国特色。
nine.
(49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.
解析：本句的谓语是cross穿越，bound for是后置定语，修饰shiploads，整个定从到谓语之前结束，其中嵌套which引导的定从，修饰territory。more than后面引导时间状语从句，修饰cross这个行为。
翻译:在15—16世纪北美探险的一百多年后，首批满载的船只穿越了大西洋，这批船只驶向了现代美国的领土。
ten.
In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.
解析：本句为被动句，即：thriving Spanish colonies/ had been /established; in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America 为介词短语充当状语成分。
翻译：与此同时，强盛的西班牙早已在墨西哥、西印度群岛和南美洲建立起殖民地。
eleven.
These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft.
解析：本句为主谓结构，即：These travelers to North America /came; in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft 为方式状语；travelers 本意为旅行者，但结合前文的句子和these，译为“”更合适。
翻译：可怜的是，这些前往北美的们乘坐拥挤的小船漂洋过海。
twelve.
During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them.
解析：本句主干为主谓宾结构，即：they /subsisted on/ barely enough food, 译为：“他们依靠有限的食物维持生存”或“供他们维持生存的食物勉强够”。during their six-to-twelve-week voyage 为时间状语; allotted to them 为food的后置定语，译为：分配给他们的食物。
翻译：在他们6到12周的航程中，分配给他们的食物少的也只够他们维持生存。
thirteen.
Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey.
解析：本句为三个简单句构成的并列句。
翻译：很多船遭遇风暴而沉没，许多人死于疾病，几乎没有婴幼儿能在这场旅程中存活下来。
fourteen.
Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
解析：1. 本句为and连接的并列句，前半句为主谓宾宾补结构，即：storms /blew/ the vessels/ far off their course; 难点主要在于熟词僻义，比如：course 一词在此表“航程、航线”之意而非“课程”。
2. 后半句为主谓宾结构，即：clam/brought / delay. 该句的翻译难点在于结合语境翻译才能说成人话，clam一词，本意为“平静”，航海中的“平静”译为“风平浪静”更好。
often calm brought unbearably long delay.
翻译：有时候，暴风雨会迫使船只偏离航线很远，而无风天气又会使航程无限地延长。
fifteen.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”
解析：1. 该长难句由两部分构成，由“said one recorder of events”连接。
2. 前半句主干为主谓宾结构，即：the sight of the American shore/ brought /almost inexpressible relief.
3. 后半句主干为主系表结构，即：The air /smelt /as sweet as a new-blown garden; at twelve leagues’ distance 为The air的后置定语，译为：12里格开外的
翻译：“看到美洲的海岸给焦急的旅行者带来了难以形容的宽慰。”其中一名当事人这样写道：“12里格开外的空气闻起来就像鲜花盛开的花园那样清甜。”
sixteen.
The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.
解析：本句的主干为主系表结构，即：The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land/ was /a sight of dense woods;
翻译：首先映入这些殖民者眼帘的是新大陆的大片茂密树林。
seventeen.
(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
解析：句子主干为主系表结构，即：The virgin forest/ was/ a veritable treasure-house; 译为：这片原始森林是一个真正的宝库。with its richness and variety of trees 为the virgin forest 的修饰成分，译为：拥有大量各种数目的。. which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia 为定语从句，修饰a veritable treasure-house, 该定语从句较长，可译为单句，即：它从缅因州往南（向下）一直延绵至佐治亚州。
翻译：这片拥有大量各种树木的原始森林是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州往南一直延绵至佐治亚州。

eighteen.
Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
解析：本句是一个比较简单的排比结构。Here was … Here was … 形成排比。
翻译：这里有丰富的燃料和木材，为盖房、做家具、造船、钾碱、染料以及海军补给品提供了丰富的原材料。
单词整理.
colonial / klunil; NAmE -lou- / adj. 殖民的，殖家的
projection / prdekn / n. 投射，投影图
successive / sksesiv / adj. 连续的
attempt / tempt / vt. 试图，尝试
transplant / trnsplɑ:nt; trnz-; NAmE -plnt / vt. 移植
scarcely / skesli/ adv. 勉强，几乎不
resemble / rizembl / vt. 看起来像，显得像
character / krkt(r) / n. 品质，特征
distinctly / distiktli / adv. 截然不同地；显著地
thriving / θraivi / adj. 繁荣的；蒸蒸日上的；旺盛的
unmercifully /n'm:sifuli/ adv. 无情地
overcrowded / uvkraudid; NAmE ouvrk- / adj. 过于拥挤的
craft / krɑ:ft; NAmE krft / n. [C] 小船
词组整理.
In the meantime 于此同时
social pattern 社会模型，社会形式
Of necessity 必然地；不可避免地
bound for …前往……