小托福考试中，听力和阅读都是广大考生比较头疼的问题，无论是从听懂、看懂文章，还是做对题目的角度，我们都应该寻求正确的学习方式和学习方法，在学习的过程中，输入环节的效率高低，将会直接关系到输出结果能否让我们满意，所以，掌握一定的学习知识，会让我们学习的效率能更上一个新的台阶。
今天的小编将同学们在小托福的考试中可能会出现的学习困惑和需要同学们关注的点，都一一列举了出来，真的是全程干货哦！同学们学习起来吧！
小托福听力
1
小托福听力的第三部分是学术演讲和讨论，在我的课堂观察中，这一部分是大家很容易走神，继而出错率比较高的一部分。
今天我们主要讲的是Academic Talk，这一部分涉及的话题可以分为艺术，生命科学，自然科学和社会科学几大部分。听力中的老师会就某一知识点进入深入讲解，不会出现过多的专业词汇。但如果与问题相关，都会在材料中做具体解释，并且解释的部分会按照逻辑顺序具体逐一展开。
在开始分析文本之前，我们先来了解学术演讲的结构。
01
主题
什么是主题？主题要记下来吗？怎样记主题？
首先，老师在讲座开头可能会这样直接告诉你，“今天我要讲...Today, we willtalk about…”这样的开头是友好的，你很容易就找到主题。但是有些教授习惯性铺垫话题。例如：
上次我们讲了...今天我们讲...；
Last time, we talked about…,today, we will be discussing…
我们一直在讲...今天我们来讲...
We’ve been talking about…Today, let’s discuss…
接着上次的...今天我们讲...
Continuing…Today, we will…
大家要记后面的，后面的才是主题。
或者听完全文，感受一下，他说的多的是什么，这才是主题。只在开头，中间，或者只在结尾讲一次的，都不是主题。
02
定义
下定义的时候，有时候老师会有提示，例如：what I mean by…is….我说...的意思是...或者自己问问题：what is…?
肯定会有解释，也肯定会考。一定要注意听。
03
.因果
这个比较好理解，凡是出现原因结果的词，可以标记下来。
原因：because，because of，due to …，since …，as …，for …，The reason is …，That’s why …，By reason of …，Owing to …
结果：so …，so that …，therefore …，thereby …，hereby …，thus …，As a result，consequently …，hence …，accordingly …
04
转折
这个大家比较熟悉，遇到but不能懈怠，需要标记出来。
下面是一些常见的信号词：
but，however，nevertheless，while，yet，unless，except for，actually，in fact，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact，while
05
举例
举例子的部分是重点之一，但是切记，不要记太多例子细节，一定要听懂例子要说明的道理。通常在讲例子之前，老师会说一个statement，然后举例子，你听到举例子的提示词时，一定要马上想刚才说了什么.
信号词: for instance, such as, as an example, take example for , say, consider
Listen to a teacher talking ina social studies class.
Today wewill talk abouta kind of sports, golf and its mysterious origin.
引入话题-golf and its mysterious origin
Golf isa precision club and ball sport, in which competing players, or golfers, use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes.
解释Golf是什么，这里的修饰语比较长，在听的时候以理解为主。
It is one of the few ball games thatdoes notrequire a standardized playing area. Instead,thegame is played on golf "courses", eachof which features a unique design, although courses tpically consist of either nine or 18 holes.
这里进一步描述了具体特征，注意这里的instead和否定词。
Whilethe modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated.Some historianstrace the sport back to the Roman game of Paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball.One theory asserts thatPaganica spreadthroughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the moderngame.
注意这里的第二次转折while，说明ancient origins对于人们还是无解。这里老师还列举了一些观点，以理解为主。
小托福阅读
2
学术阅读对于很多同学来说是小托福阅读中的一个很难handle的部分。今天我们就其中一篇考古学文章具体讲讲如何分析informative passage。
信息类文章，或以表达新观点并与老观点形成对比为意图，或以to persuade or convince readers为意图，或以解释科学理论发展为意图，或以评论社会现象等等为意图。
在考试中出现的学术性文章一般是议论文和说明文两种文体。我们简单概括为对文章做逻辑分析。
说明文文章结构非常清晰，一般文章会在开头直接提出要描述的对象，然后是描述其具体特征或是发展历史又或者是出现的原因及其影响。
这篇文章是关于冰箱的发展，一个我们需要感谢的伟大发明，不然人间少了冰淇淋的乐趣。关于作者的目的，当然是informthe reader咯
下面是关于这篇文章的背景介绍，我选取了两个文中涉及到的时间点：
1802
Thomas Moore, an American businessman, created a nice box to cool dairy products for transport. He called it a “refrigiratory” until he patented “refrigerator” in 1803.
In the early 1800s, more and more Americans movedinto cities, expanding the distance between the consumer and the source of thefood. The need for refrigeration was growing day by day.
1840S
The first iceboxes were made by carpenters, designed to take advantage of the regular household delivery of large blocks ofice. They were insulated wooden boxes lined with tin or zinc and used to holdblocks of ice to keep the food cool. A drip pan collected the melt water – and had to be emptied daily.
By the mid-ninetenthcetuny ,the term”icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was onlybeginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew wíth the growthof cities. Ice was used in hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. After the Civil War (1861 -1865), ice came intohousehold use.Till 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of thatsold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because theicebox,a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making anfficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early ninetcenth century,people only had some basie knowledge of the physics of heat,which was very important to the science ofrefrigeration. Many people think that the best icebox was the one that prevented the ice from melting. Of course,this is wrong, for it was the melting of the ice that can cool things. Nevertheless, people use different ways to keep ice from melting too fast, for example, wrap the ice in blankets. At the end of the nineteenth century, inventors finally found a balance between saving the ice from melting tooquiekly and transporting them at the same time.
But as early as 1803, a clever Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned afarm about twentymiles outside the city of Washington, for which the vil of Gieorge town was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own desien to transport his butterto market, he found that customers would pay the highest price for his butter,rsill fresh and hard. One advantage of his icebox, Moore expained,was that farmers would no longer have to travelto market at night in order to keep their product cool.

TIPS
有关历史文明的文章，会涉及到不同时间点。注意区分不同时间点应该做的事情。比如after the civial war, ice came into use. 或者till 1880, half the ice sold in New York...再或者as early as 1803, Thomas had been on the right track.
类似内容的阅读要注意：人名、地名、专业名词等，不认识，并不影响文章的阅读。主题：重复词往往在一、段就提到，也就是icebox
文章的一、段讲到内战之后，icebox的出现使得冰开始投入家庭使用。
第二段提到了由于当时的人们对于基本的物理知识的缺乏，也就是遇到了如何让冰缓慢融化的问题，所以很难创造出一个effective icebox。
第三段提到了一个聪明的商人也就是Thomas Moore设计了一个独特的icebox能让黄油完好无损地运到市场上。
下面我们看细节题（evidence-basedquestions）
细节题错误选项特征： 1与原文事实矛盾、2.原文内容未提及、3.与原文逻辑矛盾
所谓的细节题，不是随意选出的答案，而是我们需要citeevidence from the passage以及根据题目设计和常见的错误确认答案。
比如下面这道题：Accordinto the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development ofthe icebox?
A.Competition among the restaurants
B.The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
C.The use of insufficient insulation
D.Inadequate understanding of physics
根据题目中的obstacle，我们定位到文章的第二段，当时人们遇到的困难是only had basic knowledge of the physics of heat也就是选项中的inadequate understanding of physics