一篇你不可错过的托福考试回顾
1、托福阅读（含加试）
How do birds cool body? (旧）
鸟类虽然全身羽毛且没有汗腺，但是它们有非常高效的机制帮助身体进行散热。
参考阅读：
Birds do not have sweat glands. To lose heat, they depend upon evaporation of water from the surfaces of their lungs and air sacs. Evaporation turns liquid water into vapour. The rate of evaporation increases withhigher temperatures.
Panting is a sure sign birds are affected by heat.Panting increases the passage of air through the system, increases evaporation from the lungs and lowers temperature.
The Rise of Maya (新)
玛雅文明是一个从早期的森林部落发展成庞大的以宗教建筑为中心的城市。科学家以前的认知是这是一个没有明确统治者的和平部族，但在破解其大型建筑石壁上的象形文字后发现书写的是一个好战的统治者的战绩。
参考阅读：
A hundred and fifty years of painstaking archaeological inquiry allows us today to understand how the Maya emerged to transform the rain forest of Central America into a scene of urban civilization. By 1000 B.C. the Maya were settled agriculturalists growing a variety of crops in clearings in the forest, which they turned into villages. They appear to have lived in a society of equals, without clear rulers or ceremonial centers. Then between 800 and 500 B.C. signs of a ruling elite within Maya society start to emerge in the form of elaborate burial monuments.
考题回忆：
A hundred and fifty years of painstaking archaeological inquiry allows us today to understand how the Maya emerged to transform the rain forest of Central America into a scene of urban civilization.
词汇题：
painstaking
A. thorough B. considerable
Destruction of Coral Reefs (旧)
全球的珊瑚礁都在面临巨大的威胁。海边的渔民的过渡捕捞、全球温室效应等问题都在加剧珊瑚礁的恶化。珊瑚的白化过程在一定条件下可以逆转，但是如果海水温度持续上升，可能导致珊瑚礁的彻底死亡。

参考阅读：
One of the longest and largest studies of coral reef health ever undertaken finds that corals are declining worldwide because a variety of threats — overfishing, nutrient pollution and pathogenic disease — that ultimately become deadly in the face of higher ocean temperatures.
The Idea of Continental Drift (旧)
德国科学家Alfred Wegener在提出大陆漂移假设后，大部分地质学家嗤之以鼻。但是在后续的研究，特别是海洋和火山研究中，科学家不仅证实了这个理论也发现了海底扩张的现象。
参考阅读：
A German scientist named Alfred Wegener took notice of some interesting findings. Similar plant and animal fossils were found in both Africa and South America and on other continents separated by oceans. Similar rock formations were also found on distant continents. This suggested that the formations were once whole and later divided.In 1915, Wegener proposed his continental drift theory.
2托福听力（小Section 大Section）
一个对话：
选课冲突，结果想去和教授说换远程课，教授说了远程课的缺点（这里一定考多选，因为很多并列关系），然后建议independent study。
一个讲课：
从美国谈到二战后美国人的theatre娱乐，legitimate theatre和popular theatre以及为什么美国人可以在娱乐上大笔投入的原因。
第二个对话：
出国学习，置换学分
第三个讲课：
城市热岛效应产生的原因：摩天大楼、狭窄街道、周围海洋气候等。
第四个讲课：
未回忆
3托福口语
Task 1
Your university is going to have some important lectures filmed and then upload the recording on the school website for students to watch later. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Task 2
有人提议每个大四学生应该做一个公开的thesis presentation，可以让低水平学生学习并提供更多thesis的素材，但是对话中男生反对，因为学校官网已经有足够的学习资料了，且看到的只是表象，论文背后的逻辑the big picture是看不到的，所以无用。
Task 3
Misinformation Effect：被人误导后会产生错觉。例子：被实验者看录像：几个人去grocery store买东西，其中一人付钱。误导问题：那个付钱的人是不是有大胡子moustache，其实这几个人都没有大胡子，但是被实验者都说付钱的那个人有胡子。
参考阅读：
The misinformation effect refers to the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event. Researchers have shown that the introduction of even relatively subtle information following an event can have a dramatic effect on how people remember. The misinformation effect can lead to inaccurate memories and, in some cases, even result in the formation of false memories.
Task 4
动物从大陆迁徙到海岛上后会出现的适应性变化，① 性格变得calming，因为岛上没有predator，所以他们的fearing instinct会lessen，————终都不怕人靠近了，举了一种lizard的例子（有专有名词，题目中会给出）；② 体型会变大，因为海岛食物缺乏，所以更大体型会帮助短期储存大量能源慢慢消化，举了大型乌龟tortoise的例子。
4
托福写作
Task 1
阅读观点：
一千五百万年前的某个时期，Antarctica的气温应该比现在高十多度，因为①发现了两种树的pollen grain，而这些树不能再很冷的环境下生存；② 二氧化碳含量应该很高因为那个时候到处都是火山爆发，会释放温室气体；③ 植物中发现一种化学物质且量大，一般只有在rainfall后才会出现，二有rainfall说明气温那时候不低。
听力反驳：
① pollen grain很轻，可以飘很远或者在海面上float很久，所以这些pollen grain可能不是当地的；
② 科学研究证明那个时候的二氧化碳含量实际比现在低；
③ 植物吸收这种物质的能力不一样，有些植物的capacity to absorb的能力很强，所以这些植物的残留不足以证明当时有大量rainfall。
Task 2
If you must choose a course provided by two professors. With the limited information given, who would you choose and why?
① A professor who was voted most popular by survey
②A professor who was just awarded for his outstanding research
1. 阅读和听力的材料难度不大，但是试题陷阱很多，命题官会把干扰项出的相当刁钻。如果按照先看题定位再看选项并回原文做定位排除的方拖延时间，而且先看选项会有先入为主的错觉，容易中招。
2. 写作口语和TPO难度变化不大。
3. 现场真的很嘈杂，由于开机时间差和是否听或者看完整Direction都可以控制节奏，所以听力、口语和写作都会受干扰，如果不做抗干扰环境干扰的仿真模考，首次考试可能会很不适应。所以一定要模考，一定要模考，一定要模考！