托福阅读的文章小结题可谓是大家“深恶痛绝”的一个题型之一,甚至对于很多考生来说,它稳居托福阅读难题榜首,它是每一次考试的必考题型(每篇文章的结尾一题),而且每道题占到2个分值,首先,我们来看看它长啥样▼
TPO 25 Passage 1 The Surface of Mars
Question 14
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideasin the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martian geology.
A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.
B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.
C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.
D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.
E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the Moon
F.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.
从以上题目就能看出同学们惧怕的原因:居然在读完一篇700字的文章之后还需要处理一道阅读量如此之大的题目。
下面让我们来仔细看看题目的要求:题目会先给出一句对文章总结的句子来概括文章的主要内容。要求大家在下列6个选项中,选出代表文中「主要观点」的选项(敲黑板!!主要观点这个概念非常重要)
什么叫做主要观点呢?
就是大家要在下面六个选项中,选出代表文章某一段,或者某几段大意的选项。
这个时候一般大家文章已经看完了,在重新看逐个的选项,然后再到文章中去核对,这样显然在时间上是来不及的。
所以就要求大家在头一遍阅读时,就对文章每段的段落大意有一个很好的掌握和记忆才能很好地完成这道题。这就是对大部分同学很有挑战的部分,很多同学对于文章信息的整合能力还是比较弱的。
那到底要怎么去应对这一类型的题目呢?
首先大家要对「评分标准」有个认识:
本题一共2分;6个选项选对3个得2分;选对2个得1分;选对2个以下不得分。
所以大家对这道题首先不要抱着放弃,乱做的态度,我们“保1冲2”:保证得1分争取冲2分。其实绝大部分的题目,要选对2项还是非常容易的。
下面我们就来看看,除了依靠强大的阅读技巧和记忆去找到正确选项以外,还有什么技巧可以扩大正确率呢?
排除法
虽然这是一个很普遍的做题技巧,但对于文章小结题尤其适用,有时候我们并不很清楚或者记得文章每一段的段落大意(我们对正确选项敏感度不高),所以我们可以通过观察典型的错误选项来排除它们,从而定位到正确选项。
下面我们就来看看文章小结题的错误选项通常有哪些特征。
1. 选项信息表述与原文相反;
2. 选项信息为原文中的细节。
3. 原文中并未提及的信息;
第二点大家一定要注意,有些选项是对原文某一细节的正确描述/复述,这样的选项也不能选,因为题目要求大家选的是主要观点。
典型的细节选项会提到文章中的某一个不重要的事物或者例子中的信息等。
第三点比较好排除,如果选项内容是大家没有读到的,那么大部分同学还是有这个意识的。
通过以上这三个特征,通常可以排除6个选项中的至少2个选项,4选3的话,我们1分肯定是保住了。因此大家在浏览选项的时候,切勿看一个选项就回看一下文章,逐条看选项,遇到不确定的先放着,看到肯定错的,先排除。
我们用这样的方法再回头看看上面的例题:
A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.
A选项可排除;因为首先,Plate motion是原文的一处细节;单凭这一点就能够排除;其次,这一信息在原文中也没有提及;并没有哪一段在具体讲述Plate motion对行星表面的影响。
B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.
C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.
D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.
D选项也能排除,因为它和文章中的一处重要信息明显相反。
E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just belowthe surface ofMars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the Moon.
E选项,排除。因为首先它是一处细节,其次它和文章之后一段中提及的“火星表面下的状况和其卫星的是不同”,相反。
F.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.
因此通过排除法,我们可以确定此题正确选项为BCF。
大家如果对文章比较熟悉掌握的好,可以「正向选择」和「排除法」结合使用,并且排除法也是要求大家对原文有一定程度的掌握的。
要做好阅读,还是要扎扎实实的做好对信息的分析和理解,这样技巧才能事半功倍。