托福中难点不能不说是托福阅读，小编之前在文章里就对阅读题型进行分析。小编今天根据粉丝要求对生物习性类话题题型进行简要分析。顾名思义，是依据动、植物的生活习性进行出题，动物类主题数量会更多一些。
一般内容基本都是围绕介绍动物的某类特点习性来展开的，文章主题会非常明确，例如雄性动物的求偶行为、特定动物的交流方式、鸟类的叫声、鱼类的洄游特性等等。总而言之，小编相信大家在平时做练习时也会经常遇到生物习性类话题，那么其中的生物专业单词，也是需要大家着重注意的。
小编带大家先看一下这篇生物习性类阅读真题
How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands夏威夷群岛的植物和动物是如何到达的
Scientists have attempted to explain how living things that are not native to the Hawaiian Islands were able to reach the islands from distant places. The way in which birds reached the Hawaiian Islands is obvious enough. Some of the plants that probably came with them had seeds that readily attached to feathers, about 7 percent of the Hawaiian nonendemic (nonnative) seed plants probably arrived in this way. The Hawaiian insects, too, arrived by air. Entomologists have used airplanes and ships to trail fine nets over the Pacific at different heights and have trapped a variety of insects, most of which, as would be expected, are light-bodied. These types also predominate in the Hawaiian Islands (an indication of their airborne arrival), although heavier dragonflies, sphinx moths, and butterflies are also found there.
科学家们试图解释不是夏威夷群岛土生土长的生物是如何从遥远的地方到达这些岛屿的。鸟类到达夏威夷群岛的方式已经足够明显。一些可能随它们而来的植物有容易附着在羽毛上的种子, 大约7% 的夏威夷非流行 (非本地) 种子植物可能是以这种方式来的。夏威夷昆虫也是乘飞机来的。昆虫学家利用飞机和船只在太平洋上空不同的高度定位细网, 并捕获了各种昆虫, 正如人们所预料的那样, 其中大部分昆虫都是浅色的。这些类型在夏威夷群岛也占主导地位 (这表明它们在空中的到来), 尽管那里也发现了较重的蜻蜓、天蛾和蝴蝶。
The influence of the winds in providing colonists is shown by the fact that, although flowering plants are far more common than ferns in the world as a whole, their diversity in Hawaii is more evenly balanced: 225 immigrant flowering plants and 135 immigrant ferns. The relatively greater success of the ferns is probably due to the fact that their spores (reproductive structures) are much smaller and lighter than the seeds of flowering plants. Of the nonendemic seed plants of the Hawaiian Islands, about 7.5 percent almost certainly arrived carried by the wind, while another 30.5 percent have small seeds (up to three millimeters in diameter) and thus may also have arrived this way.
风在提供殖民者方面的影响表现在这样一个事实, 即尽管开花植物在整个世界上比蕨类植物要普遍得多, 但它们在夏威夷的多样性更加均衡: 225 种开花植物和135种蕨类植物。蕨类植物相对更大的成功可能是由于它们的孢子 (生殖结构) 比开花植物的种子要小很多, 也轻得多。在夏威夷群岛的非特有种子植物中, 几乎可以肯定的是, 7.5% 是由风运来的, 另有30.5% 的种子有小种子 (直径高达3毫米), 因此也可能是这样到达的。
One of the most interesting plants that probably arrived as a wind-borne seed is the tree Metrosideros. It is unusual because its seeds are relatively tiny, and this has allowed it to become widely dispersed through the Pacific islands. It is able to form forests on lowland lava with virtually no soil—a great advantage on a volcanic island. Metrosideros shows great variability in its appearance in different environments, from a large tree in the wet rain forest, to a shrub on windswept ridges, to as little as 15 centimeters high in peatlands, and it is therefore the dominant tree of the Hawaiian forest. The different forms are not distinct species, and intermediates are found where two different types are adjacent to one another.
可能作为风传播的种子到达的有趣的植物之一是大都是树。这很不寻常, 因为它的种子相对较小, 这使得它被广泛分散在太平洋岛屿上。它能够在几乎没有土壤的低地熔岩上形成森林--这在火山岛上是一个巨大的优势。大都会在不同的环境中表现出很大的差异, 从潮湿雨林中的一棵大树, 到风吹草动的山脊上的灌木, 再到泥炭地只有15厘米高, 因此它是夏威夷森林的主要树木。不同的形式不是不同的物种, 在两种不同类型相邻的地方发现中间体。
Probably the single most important method of entry of seed plants to the Hawaiian Islands has been as seeds within the digestive systems of birds that have eaten their fruit (e.g. blueberry, sandalwood), about 37 percent of the nonendemic seed plants of the islands probably arrived in this way. Significantly, many plants that succeeded in reaching the islands are those that, unlike the rest of their families, bear fleshy fruits instead of dry seeds, such as the species of mint, lily, and nightshade found in Hawaii.
种子植物进入夏威夷群岛的重要的方法可能是作为鸟类 (如蓝莓、檀香) 的消化系统内的种子, 约37% 的非特有种子植物可能是这样到达的。值得注意的是, 许多成功到达这些岛屿的植物, 与其他家庭不同, 它们的果实与干种子不同, 例如夏威夷发现的薄荷、百合和遮阳伞。
Dispersed by sea accounts for only about 5 percent of the nonendemic Hawaiian seed plants. As well as the widespread coconut, the islands also contain Scaevola toccata, this shrub has white, buoyant fruits and forms dense hedges along the edge of the beach. Another seaborne migrant is Erythrina, most species of this plant have buoyant, beanlike seeds. On Hawaii, after its arrival on the beach, Erythrina was unusual in adapting to an island environment, and a new endemic species, the coral tree E sandwichensis, has evolved on the island. Unlike those of its ancestors, the seeds of the coral tree do no float—an example of the loss of its dispersal mechanism often characteristic of an island species.
被海洋分散的夏威夷种子植物仅占约5%。除了广泛的椰子, 岛屿也含有稻草人, 这种灌木有白色, 浮力水果, 并形成密集的树篱沿海滩边缘。另一个海上是二利氟纳, 这种植物的大多数品种有浮力, 豆状种子。在夏威夷, 在到达海滩后, Erythrina 在适应岛屿环境方面很不寻常, 岛上出现了一种新的特有物种----e-夹心珊瑚树。与祖先不同的是, 珊瑚树的种子不会漂浮--这是一个失去其扩散机制的例子, 这种机制往往是一个岛屿物种的特点。
The successful colonists of the Hawaiian Islands are the exceptions, many groups, both plants and animals, have failed to reach the islands by natural processes. There are no truly freshwater fish and no native amphibians, reptiles, or mammals (except for one species of bat), while 21 orders of insect are completely absent. As might be expected, most of these are types that seem in general to have very limited powers of dispersal. For example, the ants, which are an important part of the insect fauna in other tropical parts of the world, were originally absent. They have, however, since been introduced by humans, and 36 different species have now established themselves and filled their usual dominant role in insect faunas. This proves that the obstacle was reaching the islands, not the nature of the Hawaiian environment.

夏威夷群岛成功的殖民者是例外, 许多群体, 包括植物和动物, 未能通过自然过程到达这些岛屿。没有真正的淡水鱼, 也没有本地两栖动物、爬行动物或哺乳动物 (一种蝙蝠除外), 而21种昆虫是完全不存在的。正如可以预料的那样, 这些类型大多似乎一般具有非常有限的分散能力。例如, 蚂蚁是世界其他热带地区昆虫动物的重要组成部分, 起初是不存在的。然而, 此后, 它们被人类引入, 目前有36种不同的物种已经确立了自己的地位, 并在昆虫动物中占据了通常的主导作用。这证明, 障碍是到达岛屿, 而不是夏威夷环境的性质。