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托福写作中需要重点关注的词汇一文,希望对大家有所帮助。compare与contrast的误用 我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。
Compare的定义为:to examine people or things to see how theyare similar or different. Contrast的定义为:to comparetwo or more things to show the difference betweenthem.由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同,而后者则侧重于它们的不同。
看个例句: It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast theirsituations to ours. 前一句翻译为:对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。 后一句的翻译为:我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同,这很有趣。 再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的例子: There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West. The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier. When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast. 不难发现,Compare翻译为“与……相比”而contrast可译为“明显不同的是……”,切记这种翻译方式就不会用错彼此了。
其中容易有问题的便是介词的使用了,下面来看看几种情况:
1、普通介词的误用 一般表现为固定搭配错误,如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成besatisfied for等等,虽然这样的错误看似无伤大雅,但在考官眼里就是影响顺畅阅读的,根据托福学写作评分标准当然会影响终成绩。解决的办法简单而古老:把常见的固定搭配牢记于心,问题自然就解决了。
2、 “to”作为介词的误用 “to”常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的形式出现的,所以同学们也已经习惯了“to do”的固定搭配。对于一些如walk to me、to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会出现错误。但是对于与动词搭配的介词to就会经常犯错: 如: More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them. 这里的‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’其中‘to’为介词,所以后面只能接名词或相当于名词的词,如动名词。所以黑体处应改为“depending on”。
“take to”的另一个常用用法也需要牢记: He hasn’t taken to his new school.(这里‘take to’ means ‘to start liking sb or sth’) Prefer A to B中的“to”也是介词,会有prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sthelse,“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真正的不定式符号。
类似的常用用法请同学们牢记: Be used to doing Be accustomed to doing See to doing Adapt to doing Adjust to doing prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 等等,托福写作请注意平时仔细积累。 assume及claim使用不够准确 我们知道, think, assume, claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。
在实际作文中,同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的,完全可以代换,所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同: Think: to have opinion or belief about sth. 翻译为“认为”,通常接宾语从句来表达比较确定的观点。 Assume: to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it. 翻译为“假设、假定”,是否有事实依据是不确定的。
Claim: to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believeit. 翻译为“声称”,用这个词往往意味着不赞同紧跟其后的观点,所以很少用作‘I claim that… Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer, but in fact, …。 所以‘It is claimed that’通常翻译为“有报道称。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的区别在于后者翻译为“据报道”,往往代表着作者赞同报告的内容, Consider: to think about sth carefully, especially in order to make a decision 翻译为“考虑”,一般不用作引出观点,看个例子: We are considering buying a new car.
所以,千万不要在托福写作的段(观点表达段)就因为用词把握不准而导致对整篇文章的低分印象。表“建议”的词汇后面忘记用虚拟从句 这是摘自学生托福作文中的一个病句: I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school. 因为‘suggest’翻译为“建议”,所以后面的从句应该用虚拟语气,黑体部分应该改为“(should) continue” 所以考生一定要牢记以下常见表“建议”的托福写作词汇,而且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气: Recommend,suggest,advise such as与for example的混用 我们知道,在表示举例子的时候,such as与like是完全等同的,如:Wild flowers such as/likeorchids and primroses are becoming rare. 但是同学们对于Such as、for example的把握还是不够准确。
我们都知道,后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法: There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and Italian. 这里的such as改为for example为好,因为“in French and Italian”其实是“there is a similar word inFrench and Italian”的简化,所以要用for example来引出例证。再来看几个类似的例子: It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics. 以上就是为大家整理的“托福写作中需要重点关注的词汇”。