在雅思阅读的比较逻辑关系中，比较级是常见的论证方式，但是类比和对比也是英语文章中非常常见的论证手段，一般涉及到单个事物或若干个事物之间的比较，但这两种方法却有着本质上的不同。
类比 ( compare ) 强调两个对象的相似点，比如 A 和 B 的相同点是什么。而对比 ( contrast ) 则强调两个对象的不同点，比如 A 很高 B 却很低。接下来，让我们从剑桥真题中看看，有哪些考点会涉及到类比和对比。
类比连接词
similarly, be similar to, as, like, alike，likewise, corresponding to, equal, identical, same, by the same token, the same is true of , in the same way, resemble，agree，share，harmony，compare to/with … , comparable
例题 1 题目 C521 Q1 填空
Some plastics behave in a similar way to __________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
文章 P2
Some are ‘ thermoplastic ’ , which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.
翻译 ：
有些塑料是 " 热塑型 " 的，这意味着，它们像蜡烛一样，会在加热时会融化，然后就可以重新塑形。
解析：
定位后，利用题中类比词 in a similar way to, 可以找到文中对应词 like, 也就是统一替换，答案就是 candlewax 了。
例题 2 题目 C442 Q27 填空
However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a __________.
文章 Last Paragraph：
The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data …
另一方面，考古学家发现的这些物体本身并没有告诉我们什么。 从这个方面说来，考古学家的实践经历跟科学家非常像，他们收集数据，操作实验，制定假说，用假说检验更多的数据。
审题时重点关注题中类比词 compare ... to …，定位后，可以找到文中替换词 rather like, 答案即 scientist。
例题 3 题目 C10 ’ 11 Q11 表格填空Looks more like a __________ than a well.
文章 ：
It actually resembles a tank ( kund means reservoir or pond ) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of step well architecture, including four sides of steps that decend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
它实际上长的像一个水库 ( kund 意味着水库或池塘 ) 而不是一个井，但却展示了梯井结构的特点，包括下降到底部的四个阶梯面，这四面拥有着绝美的几何对称图案。
审题时关注类比词 like，定位后，发现 resemble，意思相当于 look like, 答案呼之欲出 tank.
对比连接词
while, however, nevertheless，otherwise，whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, unlike，different, incompatible, conflicting, change, vary, in opposition to, distinguish...from.. ，be distinct from sth …
例题 1 题目 C10 ’ 23 Q37 判断
The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to discovering the meaning of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum ’ s function.
因此，主流的批判方法成为艺术史学家的批判方式，这是一种专门的学术方法，致力于发现在当时的文化背景下艺术的意义。这与博物馆的功能达到了完美一致。
审题时获取考点词 conflict，正是对比连接词，定位后发现 in harmony with，意思是 " 与……协调、一致 "，所以二者并非矛盾，而是一致的，因此答案选 NO。
例题 2 题目 C11 ’ 32 Q18 判断Dingle ’ s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

Dingle 认为，他定义的价值在于它将注意力集中于在牛羚迁徙现象与蚜虫迁徙现象的共同点上，因而有助于指导研究人员了解进化是如何将它们制造出来的。
审题关注到判断题对比词 aim is to distinguish， 定位后，对应到原文中的 focuses attention on，发现类比词 share，表示 " 共享，公用 "，与题目的 distinguish" 区分 " 意思冲突，所以答案选择 FALSE。
一般来说，阅读方面通过句子意思、句子关系、段落意思、段落关系的方法来理解文章的逻辑和要表达的观点非常关键。